Volume 1, Issue 3
Ideal Free Distribution of Multiple Species in a Time-Periodic and Patchy Habitat

King-Yeung Lam & Hua Zhang

CSIAM Trans. Life Sci., 1 (2025), pp. 466-488.

Published online: 2025-10

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  • Abstract

Dispersal strategies that lead to the ideal free distribution (IFD) were shown to be evolutionarily stable in various ecological models. In this paper, we investigate this phenomenon in time-periodic environments where $N$ species – identical except for dispersal strategies – compete. We extend the notions of IFD and joint IFD, previously established in spatially continuous models, to time-periodic and spatially discrete models and derive sufficient and necessary conditions for IFD to be feasible. Under these conditions, we demonstrate two competitive advantages of ideal free dispersal: if there exists a subset of species that can achieve a joint IFD, then the persisting collection of species must converge to a joint IFD for large time; if a unique subcollection of species achieves a joint IFD, then that group will dominate and competitively exclude all the other species. Furthermore, we show that ideal free dispersal strategies are the only evolutionarily stable strategies. Our results generalize previous work by construction of Lyapunov functions in multi-species, time-periodic setting.

  • AMS Subject Headings

34D23, 34C25, 92D15, 92D25

  • Copyright

COPYRIGHT: © Global Science Press

  • Email address

lam.184@osu.edu (King-Yeung Lam)

zhua@sjtu.edu.cn (Hua Zhang)

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@Article{CSIAM-LS-1-466, author = {Lam , King-Yeung and Zhang , Hua}, title = {Ideal Free Distribution of Multiple Species in a Time-Periodic and Patchy Habitat}, journal = {CSIAM Transactions on Life Sciences}, year = {2025}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {466--488}, abstract = {

Dispersal strategies that lead to the ideal free distribution (IFD) were shown to be evolutionarily stable in various ecological models. In this paper, we investigate this phenomenon in time-periodic environments where $N$ species – identical except for dispersal strategies – compete. We extend the notions of IFD and joint IFD, previously established in spatially continuous models, to time-periodic and spatially discrete models and derive sufficient and necessary conditions for IFD to be feasible. Under these conditions, we demonstrate two competitive advantages of ideal free dispersal: if there exists a subset of species that can achieve a joint IFD, then the persisting collection of species must converge to a joint IFD for large time; if a unique subcollection of species achieves a joint IFD, then that group will dominate and competitively exclude all the other species. Furthermore, we show that ideal free dispersal strategies are the only evolutionarily stable strategies. Our results generalize previous work by construction of Lyapunov functions in multi-species, time-periodic setting.

}, issn = {3006-2721}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4208/csiam-ls.SO-2025-0019}, url = {http://global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/csiam-ls/24511.html} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Ideal Free Distribution of Multiple Species in a Time-Periodic and Patchy Habitat AU - Lam , King-Yeung AU - Zhang , Hua JO - CSIAM Transactions on Life Sciences VL - 3 SP - 466 EP - 488 PY - 2025 DA - 2025/10 SN - 1 DO - http://doi.org/10.4208/csiam-ls.SO-2025-0019 UR - https://global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/csiam-ls/24511.html KW - Ideal free distribution, evolutionarily stable, time-periodic patch model, multiple-species model. AB -

Dispersal strategies that lead to the ideal free distribution (IFD) were shown to be evolutionarily stable in various ecological models. In this paper, we investigate this phenomenon in time-periodic environments where $N$ species – identical except for dispersal strategies – compete. We extend the notions of IFD and joint IFD, previously established in spatially continuous models, to time-periodic and spatially discrete models and derive sufficient and necessary conditions for IFD to be feasible. Under these conditions, we demonstrate two competitive advantages of ideal free dispersal: if there exists a subset of species that can achieve a joint IFD, then the persisting collection of species must converge to a joint IFD for large time; if a unique subcollection of species achieves a joint IFD, then that group will dominate and competitively exclude all the other species. Furthermore, we show that ideal free dispersal strategies are the only evolutionarily stable strategies. Our results generalize previous work by construction of Lyapunov functions in multi-species, time-periodic setting.

Lam , King-Yeung and Zhang , Hua. (2025). Ideal Free Distribution of Multiple Species in a Time-Periodic and Patchy Habitat. CSIAM Transactions on Life Sciences. 1 (3). 466-488. doi:10.4208/csiam-ls.SO-2025-0019
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